We've etiketine sahip kayıtlar gösteriliyor. Tüm kayıtları göster
We've etiketine sahip kayıtlar gösteriliyor. Tüm kayıtları göster

6 Nisan 2017 Perşembe

We’ve been labelled ‘anti-sex difference’ for demanding greater scientific rigour | Cordelia Fine and Rebecca Jordan-Young

[unable to retrieve full-text content]

Our criticism of gender research has been portrayed as dogmatic feminism – thankfully the scientific community has looked beyond the headlines

At a time when both science and feminism are under attack, there are welcome signs that neuroscience is showing new openness to critiques of research into sex differences. Mainstream journals increasingly publish studies that reveal how misleading assumptions about the sexes bias the framing of hypotheses, research design and interpretation of findings – and these critiques increasingly come with constructive recommendations, discussions and debates.


For example, we, together with other colleagues, made recommendations in the peer-reviewed journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience on best practice in sex/gender neuroscience. Some of the errors and traps we identified included human neuroimaging studies with small sample sizes, and the common “snapshot” approach, which interprets neural associations with sex as a matter of timeless and universal male and female essences, without taking seriously the fact that biological associations might as easily be the effect of social differences as the cause of them.


These charges [against us] would only make sense in a world without shades of grey


Related: Men are from Mars, women are from Venus? New brain study says not


Continue reading…



We’ve been labelled ‘anti-sex difference’ for demanding greater scientific rigour | Cordelia Fine and Rebecca Jordan-Young

22 Eylül 2016 Perşembe

Julia Gillard: "We"ve made progress in education and gender equality – but more must be done"

A few years ago, an outbreak of cholera and other deadly diseases swept through one of the poorest villages in the northern region of Ghana, taking the life of Ruhainatu’s mother, Jamila.


Ruhainatu was in her teens. A decade ago, Jamila’s death would have extinguished Ruhainatu’s chances of getting the education she needs to succeed in life. Instead of going to school, she would have taken on her mother’s role of caring full time for her home and family.


But efforts by the Ghanaian government, together with development partners like the Global Partnership for Education, have strengthened the country’s education system. Now Ruhainatu and girls like her have a more hopeful prospect for life. One of the top performing students in the local school, Ruhainatu has ambitions to go away to university to become a nurse and then return to her village to help others remain healthy.



Ruhainatu has ambitions to go away and train as a nurse.

Ruhainatu has ambitions to go away and train as a nurse. Photograph: GPE/ Stephan Bachenheimer

Her story is one of countless affirmative real-life testimonials showing how educating girls can help them be healthier, more economically prosperous and become more civically empowered women. Their new knowledge can also improve the health and wellbeing of others around them.


But enabling children to succeed requires the right combination of support, so that they will be healthy, well-nourished and can attend a quality school that has access to clean drinking water and toilets.


Providing school meals and deworming programmes, for example, can have an important impact. The 2016 Unesco global education monitoring report notes that school meals and deworming programmes promote better education outcomes, especially for girls. For very poor families, the prospect that their daughter will be fed means that sending her to school is a more attractive option than keeping her at home so she can attend to domestic duties, farm work or taking goods to market. Greater access to clean water can also translate into education improvements for girls, by reducing the time they take to collect water for the family and giving them more time for school.


This give-and-take between education and other social development factors has received more emphasis since the unveiling of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) last year. We are breaking down the silos that have historically divided development sectors. Education and global health groups now understand that improvements in each are essential to progress for both and we are already creating opportunities for deeper collaboration.


Now the evidence of what works is increasingly clear, let’s just get on with it and drive progress on the mutually reinforcing goals for global education (SDG 4) and gender equality and women’s empowerment (SDG 5).


For groups like the Global Partnership for Education, whose board I chair and which partially funded the program in Ghana that helped Ruhainatu, “getting on with it” includes continuing to support countries to close the gender gaps in their education systems.




We are breaking down the silos that have historically divided development sectors.




Closing those gaps requires recognising and breaking down barriers to gender equality. Poverty is the biggest, but other significant factors include ethnicity, language, disability, early marriage, the distance from home to school, gender-biased pedagogy, fragility and conflict, absence of proper sanitary facilities, pressure to take care of family or earn money, and insecurity within and on the way to school.


We – in education or in any other related development sectors – could accomplish much more in less time if there was sufficient political support and enough financing. This includes first and foremost more domestic financing for education by developing countries themselves. But it also requires more donor funding. We can’t “just get on with it” when education’s share of overseas development aid has fallen from 13% to 10% since 2002. The International Commission for Financing Global Education Opportunities, notes in its just-released report that under present trends, only one in 10 young people in low-income countries will be on track to gain basic secondary-level skills by 2030. Clearly, this is completely unacceptable.


The Education Commission, on which I serve as a commissioner, advocates for a range of far-reaching transformations to improve education. The commission’s work provides new evidence on what works and costs out what it would take for the world to educate every child.


The call to action in financing is to increase total spending on education from $ 1.2tn (£0.9tn) per year today to $ 3tn (£2.3tn) by 2030. That’s a big jump but not an insurmountable one.


Making the leap starts with developing countries, donors, NGOs, the private sector and many others choosing right now to just get on with it.


Join our community of development professionals and humanitarians. Follow @GuardianGDP on Twitter.



Julia Gillard: "We"ve made progress in education and gender equality – but more must be done"

10 Haziran 2014 Salı

Contrave: Is This The Weight Loss Drug We"ve Been Waiting For?

Will the FDA finally approve Contrave, Orexigen’s sizzling new diet plan drug, this week? Expectations are high for this new weight reduction medication, which could demonstrate an crucial anti-obesity support. The ruling is anticipated as quickly as tomorrow.


Now temporarily renamed NB32, Contrave was eagerly awaited when it got a startling thumbs-down from the FDA in 2011. The company demanded further study into cardiovascular dangers.


Orexigen resubmitted its application for Contrave in December 2013, citing “encouraging” good interim results from the 8900-patient Light Research, still ongoing. As summarized by the Independent Information Monitoring Committee, the interim Clinical Study Report (CSR) appears to proveContrave/NB32 safe, or safe enough.


With the FDA’s doubts thus addressed, skilled consensus has the company voting yes on NB32. Then once again, if the background of bodyweight loss medicines tells us practically nothing else, it’s that no weight reduction drug’s success is a sure point.


If approved by the FDA tomorrow, NB32 (formerly Contrave) will join Qsymia and Belviq as prescription weight loss treatments. (Photo: wiki media)

If accepted by the FDA tomorrow, NB32 (formerly Contrave) will join Qsymia and Belviq as not too long ago accepted prescription excess weight reduction treatments. (Photo: wiki media)



But let’s stick with what we do know right now. If you’re overweight and hoping Contrave/NB32 can assist you, here’s what you require to know about this new fat reduction drug treatment.


1) Contrave (NB32) is probably to be less powerful than Qsymia, more successful than Belviq. That’s a key generalization, but in trials people taking Qsymia misplaced an average of 9 percent of their body fat, even though people taking Belviq lost an common of just three %. Clinical trials display individuals taking NB32 lost an regular of 5 % of their physique excess weight.


2) Contrave (NB32) could be less difficult to obtain. Each Qsymia and Belviq are regarded managed substances, placing stiff limits on how physicians prescribe them. NB32 is not expected to be approved as a managed substance, that means medical doctors can hand out samples and meet much less stringent criteria when prescribing.


three) Obesity therapy – and insurance coverage – is simpler to get now. In accordance to current information from the Centers for Ailment Control, 35 %, or a lot more than 1 in three American adults, are obese. Yikes. With that in thoughts, the powers that be (aka the American Medical Association) finally in June 2013 classified obesity as a ailment. This need to – at least in theory – make it simpler to get bodyweight loss drugs and other remedies prescribed and covered by insurance coverage. The Inexpensive Care Act (Obamacare) also mandates obesity prevention and treatment method, which must help in the expense/coverage division as well.


 4) Some individuals need the extra assist of a drug.  In accordance to a growing body of research, consuming a higher-fat diet plan and currently being overweight could, above time, trigger metabolic changes that can make it hard or impossible to drop bodyweight on your personal. Harm to the brain’s signaling technique can influence the cues that tell you when you’re hungry and when you are full, top you to overeat. In this situation, weight loss medication could help you push the “reset” button on your metabolism.


5) Weight problems drugs have side results. The cause it’s taken three years for the FDA to approve NB32/Contrave is that obesity drugs have significant side effects. So serious, in fact, that several significant diet medication have been yanked from the marketplace, creating doctors, regulators (and yes, investors) shy away. Cardiovascular illness and mood troubles are just two of the probably critical side results related with Qsymia and Belviq. Older medicines Xenical  and Alli carry a chance of long term liver and kidney injury. And people excess weight loss supplements you purchase above the counter? Some are deadly.


six) Contrave may possibly lighten your mood as properly. Like Qsymia, NB32 is a mixture of two separate drugs, naltrexone, best known as a treatment method for alcoholism, and bupropion, the antidepressant in common Wellbutrin. Thanks to the buproprion, trial participants reported that Contrave created them truly feel much better, as well as seem greater.


Contrave Not the Final Word in Fat Reduction Medication


Regardless of the rocky route that is faced current fat reduction drug approvals, more medicines are in advancement, like a 2nd drug from Orexigen. Known as Empatic, it’s also a two-drug combo, this time combining bupropion with the anti-seizure drug zonisamide.


Empatic not too long ago finished a Phase 2B clinical trial with Phase 3 trials in the planning phases. While that puts Empatic at least two many years out, word is the FDA will not need Empatic to undergo cardiovascular security trial (speeding up the approval approach) if  Phase 3 trial results are comparable to individuals for NB32. Remain tuned.


For much more health news, follow me right here on Forbes.com, on Instagram and Twitter @MelanieHaiken, and subscribe to my posts on Facebook.



Contrave: Is This The Weight Loss Drug We"ve Been Waiting For?

5 Mart 2014 Çarşamba

We"ve gone as well far with "trigger warnings" | Jill Filipovic

Set off Warning: this piece discusses trigger warnings. It may also search askance at school college students who are now asking that trigger warnings be utilized to their program supplies.


If you have invested time on feminist blogs recently or in the social-justice-oriented corner of Tumblr, you have very likely come across the Trigger Warning (TW): a note to readers that the materials following the warning might trigger a post-traumatic stress response. In the early days of feminist blogging, set off warnings have been normally about sexual assault, and posted with the comprehending that lots of ladies are sexual assault survivors, plenty of ladies study feminist blogs, and graphic descriptions of rape may lead to panic attacks or other reactions that will really damage someone’s day. Easy sufficient to give readers a little heads up – a set off warning – so that they can make a decision to stay away from that material if they know that discussion of rape triggers debilitating reactions.


Trigger warnings in online spaces, however, have expanded extensively and become far more intricate, thorough, particular and obscure. Set off warnings, and their cousin the “material note”, are now integrated for a entire slew of possibly offensive or upsetting content material, like but not restricted to: misogyny, the death penalty, calories in a foods item, terrorism, drunk driving, how significantly a individual weighs, racism, gun violence, Stand Your Ground laws, drones, homophobia, PTSD, slavery, victim-blaming, abuse, swearing, kid abuse, self-damage, suicide, speak of drug use, descriptions of medical procedures, corpses, skulls, skeletons, needles, discussion of “isms,” neuroatypical shaming, slurs (like “stupid” or “dumb”), kidnapping, dental trauma, discussions of intercourse (even consensual), death or dying, spiders, insects, snakes, vomit, pregnancy, childbirth, blood, scarification, Nazi paraphernalia, slimy issues, holes and “something that may possibly inspire intrusive ideas in individuals with OCD”.


It is correct that everything on the over list may well set off a PTSD response in someone. The difficulties with PTSD, however, is that its triggers are usually unpredictable and individually distinct – a specific smell, a certain song, currently being touched in that 1 way. It really is not possible to account for all of them, simply because triggers are by their nature not notably rational or universally foreseeable. Some are a lot more typical than other people, even though, which is why it would seem realistic sufficient for explicitly feminist spaces to consist of set off warnings for things like assault and consuming problems.


School, though, is distinct. It is not a feminist site. It is not a social justice Tumblr.


School is not exactly the real globe either, but it really is a area for kinda-sorta adults to wade neck-deep into artwork, literature, philosophy, and the sciences, to check out new ideas, to expand their knowledge of the cultural canon, to interrogate electrical power and to find out how to make an argument and to read through a text. It is, hopefully, a area in which the student is challenged and often frustrated and occasionally deeply upset, a area exactly where the student’s planet expands and pushes them to reach the outer edges – not a location that contracts to meet the pupil specifically in which they are.


Which does not indicate that individual students must not be offered psychological well being accommodations. It really is properly realistic for a survivor of violence to ask a professor for a heads up if the reading through listing contains a piece with graphic descriptions of rape or violence, for illustration. But generalized set off warnings are not so considerably about helping folks with PTSD as they are about a certain variety of performative feminism: they are a reduced-stakes way to use the appropriate language to recognize yourself as conscious of social justice problems. Even greater is demanding a set off warning – that identifies you as even far more mindful, even far more feminist, even far more solicitous than the individual who failed to adequately supply this kind of a warning.


There is genuine harm in making use of basic set off warnings in the classroom. Oberlin University recommends that its faculty “eliminate triggering materials when it does not contribute right to the program studying targets”. When material is basically also crucial to consider out totally, the school suggests set off warnings. For example, Oberlin says, Chinua Achebe’s Items Fall Apart is a great and essential book, but:



… it may trigger readers who have experienced racism, colonialism, religious persecution, violence, suicide, and much more.



Students need to be duly warned by the professor writing, for illustration, “Trigger warning: This guide contains a scene of suicide.”


On its encounter, that sounds fine (except for college students who dislike literary spoilers). But a trigger warning for what Oberlin recognized as the book’s typical triggers – racism, colonialism, religious persecution, violence, suicide (and a lot more!) – sets the tone for reading and knowing the book. It skews students’ perceptions. It highlights specific concerns as always far more upsetting than other folks, and directs students to emphasis on distinct themes that have been singled out by the professor as traumatic.


At Rutgers, a pupil urged professors to use set off warnings as a type of Solomonic baby-splitting between two apparently equally bad alternatives: banning specified texts or introducing operates that might result in psychological distress. Operates he talked about as particularly triggering contain F Scott Fitzgerald’s The Wonderful Gatsby, Junot Diaz’s This Is How You Lose Her and Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway. The warnings would be passage-by-passage, and efficiently reach “a compromise amongst safeguarding students and defending their civil liberties”.


But the room between comfort and freedom is not truly exactly where universities must seek to situate school college students. Students must be pushed to defend their concepts and to see the planet from a variety of perspectives. Trigger warnings do not just warn college students of probably triggering material they effectively shut down distinct lines of discussion with “that is triggering”. College students should – and do – have the proper to stroll out of any classroom. But students should also accept the challenge of exploring their personal beliefs and responding to issues. Trigger warnings of program don’t always shut down that type of interrogation, but if feminist blogs are any example, they speedily turn out to be a way to short-circuit unpleasant, unpopular or offensive arguments.


That must concern these of us who adore literature, but it must especially difficulties the feminist and anti-racist bookworms among us. Trigger warnings are largely perceived as defending young girls and, to a lesser extent, other marginalized groups – men and women of shade, LGBT folks, folks with mental illnesses. That the warnings hinge on topics that are far more probably to influence the lives of marginalized groups contributes to the standard perception of members of these groups as weak, vulnerable and “other”.


The types of struggling typically imaged and experienced in the white western male realm – war, intra-male violence – are normal. Traumas that effect ladies, men and women of shade, LGBT people, the mentally unwell and other groups whose collective lives far outnumber individuals most usually canonized in the American or European classroom are set apart as different, as particularly traumatizing. Set off warnings imply that our experiences are so unusual the pages detailing our lives can only be turned even though sporting child gloves.


There is a hierarchy of trauma there, as nicely as a dangerous assumption of inherent distinction. There’s a reinforcement of the toxic messages youthful women have gotten our entire lives: that we’re inherently vulnerable.


And there is some thing lost when college students are warned ahead of they read Achebe or Diaz or Woolf, and when they go through those writers first by means of the lens of trauma and concern.


Then, simply, there is the reality that the universe does not treat its members as if they come hand-delivered in a box plainly marked “fragile”. The planet can be a desperately unsightly place, specially for women. That feminist blogs consider to carve out a tiny part of the world that is a teeny bit safer for their readers is a credit to many of people spaces. Colleges, even though, are not intellectual or emotional secure zones. Nor must they be.


Trauma survivors need to have equipment to handle their triggers and cope with each and every day existence. Universities absolutely ought to prioritize their demands – by making sure that mental wellness care is adequately funded, extensively offered and destigmatized.


But they do college students no favors by pretending that each and every piece of possibly upsetting, triggering or even emotionally devastating content material comes with a warning sign.



We"ve gone as well far with "trigger warnings" | Jill Filipovic

30 Ocak 2014 Perşembe

We"ve cracked how to overcome nut allergic reactions, declare scientists


Researchers at the Wellcome Trust Clinical investigation facility at Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, gave 99 youngsters aged amongst 7 and sixteen a sample of peanut protein in powder form. They increased the dosage in excess of six months until the youngsters had been in a position to consume a complete nut without having any adverse reactions.




Dr Andrew Clark and Dr Pamela Ewan hope the remedy will soon be obtainable on the NHS.


Dr Clark stated: “This is a genuine very first. Peanut allergies affect a single million people in the United kingdom. We have a massive investigation group and we have been functioning on this for about twenty years.


“So several men and women have this allergy and there are a quantity of deaths across the United kingdom each yr. Hopefully we can use this treatment method in the NHS now.”


One particular volunteer, Lena Barden, 11, of Histon, Cambs, mentioned: “I was nervous at initial. I hated peanuts. They’re disgusting and weird. But I was curious about what they tasted like.


“Last year I had my 1st doughnut, with traces of nuts, and it tasted wonderful. I truly feel so much much more safe.”


The results of the greatest single trial of its variety worldwide are published in The Lancet on Thursday.


Edited by Andrew Marszal




We"ve cracked how to overcome nut allergic reactions, declare scientists