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18 Ocak 2017 Çarşamba

Nipah: fearsome virus that caught the medical and scientific world off-guard

In 1998, with no explanation or signal of danger, a fearsome disease took off in Malaysia. Pigs died in large numbers and then men slaughtering infected animals also fell ill. They passed it to their families at home. Nearly half of those who got sick died.


It was not Ebola – it was a virus that became known as Nipah, after the Malaysian town of Kampung Sungai Nipah where it was first identified. But there are resemblances to Ebola in the way the disease suddenly emerged from the animal world and then spread between humans, causing a threat to life that caught the medical and scientific world off-guard.


The story of the outbreak of Nipah in Malaysia was told – and embellished – in the 2011 film Contagion, starring amongst others, Kate Winslet, Gwynneth Paltrow and Matt Damon. There, the disease became a global pandemic, killing 26 million people.


In reality, the death toll from Nipah in Malaysia and Singapore, where it had spread, was 105 out of 265 cases, but could have been much worse had it been more easily transmitted. It also caused the collapse of the $ 1bn pig industry. The disease seemed to come from nowhere, but as with other such viruses, the emergence and spread was caused by a cocktail of human behaviour and environmental change.


The virus is endemic in fruit bats – also known to carry Ebola virus. The bats were on the move, leaving rainforests where slash-and-burn logging was causing massive haze, shutting out sunlight and preventing the fruit they ate from growing. Drought caused by El Niño made things worse.


Large numbers of bats were later seen in the orchards around the pig farms of northwest Malaysia. The virus from their saliva was in the half-eaten fruit they dropped – which was devoured by the pigs.


The Malaysian outbreak was finally stopped by mass culling of pigs in May 1999. But since then there have been regular Nipah outbreaks in Bangladesh, where transmission occurs directly from fruit bats to humans.


“We know how it happens,” said Professor John Clemens, executive director of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. “The fact that it has established itself as an endemic focus in Bangladesh with regular, albeit infrequent, transmission to man suggests that it could cause broader problems for humanity at large. I would add as well that similar to Ebola virus, people in intimate contact with Nipah patients can acquire the infection, human to human.


“I’m sure you see the parallels there with Ebola, except unlike Ebola, which has its traditional homeland in sub-Saharan Africa, Nipah is here in Asia.”


Nipah was at first misdiagnosed in Malaysia as Japanese encephalitis, because of the swelling of the brain that occurs.


“When it is transmitted to man, it can cause an extremely serious encephalitis, sometimes with pneumonia, and when people get sick with this, the case fatality rate is about 50%, with substantial serious neurological impairment of a fraction also who survive,” said Clemens.


In Bangladesh, the outbreaks occur because of the traditional drinking of palm wine, a delicacy made from date palm sap. Fruit bats like to hang upside down in the palm trees, with the result that their excretions – urine and saliva can find their way into the sap.


There should be ways to avoid this route of transmission – if not through persuading people to avoid palm wine, then by putting skirts on the trees to keep the bats away, said Clemens.


But that would not end the hidden risk. Changes in people’s behaviour or alterations we make to our environment can precipitate a small outbreak – perhaps with a different and unexpected route of transmission – that becomes something far more dangerous. It happened with Ebola, which spread from rural villages into the cities, where large numbers of people lived close together and were easily infected. That is also the danger with other zoonotic diseases, including Nipah, said Clemens.



Nipah: fearsome virus that caught the medical and scientific world off-guard

14 Ocak 2017 Cumartesi

Council job cuts have finally caught up with me – but I"m relieved

Every new year at the council brings with it a fresh cycle of angst and fear, because the battle to keep jobs begins all over again.


But this year, I no longer care about losing my job – in fact, the prospect of facing redundancy fills me with relief. Relief that I no longer have to face a relentless cost-cutting cycle.


Things changed for me last spring, when I was diagnosed with a serious illness. By the time June hit – which tends to be when the annual battle for existence kicks off – I was not at work to spend hours collating the service-saving information I have put together every year since the cuts began.


I manage a service that works with vulnerable families; we’re cheap and we don’t cause referrals to other services.


After several operations I returned to work to be told that my team and I were at risk. The formal consultation of our posts is widely accepted as tokenistic and my only priority now is to get the best exit from the council that I can.


The cycle of cuts I will be leaving behind normally goes something like this:


June kicks off with a catchy new phrase, adopted to avoid the word “cuts”. It could be “the transformation programme” or the “change agenda”.


Then there’s a reshuffle at the top of the council or highly paid consultants are bought in as a fresh pair of eyes. By July, rumours abound and I start to get anxious. Random demands for data hit my inbox from names I do not know.


By August it is clear I will have a job on my hands to save the service I work for. So I spend the month poring through our databases and submitting long documents showing how much money our service has saved the council.


More requests for data hit my inbox and I start to lose sleep, worrying that I won’t have a job by the following April. I don’t tell the members of my team about any of this. Why put them through this every year?


September heralds a peak in my anxiety, and my insomnia. All staff are summoned to workshops where a vision of the future is laid before them. I hear phrases like “everything must change” and “no job is safe”. I have to divert our meagre resources to paying staff to attend these events, while reassuring them that their jobs are safe because of all the money we save the council.


By October, across children’s services there is a general loss of focus. Morale plummets and people start leaving. Some because they think they will be made redundant. Some because they can’t stomach any more change. The cracks in the system widen further than ever before.


November is always when I am promised some concrete news. But the haste with which decisions about cuts are made means there are too many legalities to iron out and the November deadline expires.


December and the truth is out there. The people who belong to services that are safe try and make the most of January to May before it all starts again. The constant nausea disappears and I start to sleep soundly again.


I am exhausted by this annual cycle, by the insecurity about whether I will be able to pay the mortgage and put food on the table.


I have recovered from my illness. My future is bright. My future is not in the local council, even though I am still driven to want to help the most vulnerable in our society. I don’t know what the future holds but I know I won’t miss the misery of the constant uncertainty of working for a council.


When my surgeon gave me the good news I shook his hand vigorously and gratefully. As I drove back to work it occurred to me that lots of the families I have worked with have shaken my hand in the same way. But no-one in the council has ever shaken my hand and I don’t expect that to change as I hold my head high and work my way towards my redundancy date.


This series aims to give a voice to the staff behind the public services that are hit by mounting cuts and rising demand, and so often denigrated by the press, politicians and public. If you would like to write an article for the series, contact kirstie.brewer@theguardian.com


Talk to us on Twitter via @Guardianpublic and sign up for your free weekly Guardian Public Leaders newsletter with news and analysis sent direct to you every Thursday.



Council job cuts have finally caught up with me – but I"m relieved

16 Mayıs 2014 Cuma

Diabetes and me: how silent killer caught up with NHS chief

‘I just knew one thing was wrong with me. For a number of months I had been turning out to be more and more, unusually tired and was needing to go to the toilet five or 6 instances a evening. I knew it was not overwork or tension but did not know what it could be. My wife Sarah-Jane thought I was just a bit rundown.


This was in direction of the end of 2012. Nevertheless, the travelling concerned in getting chief executive of the NHS, the birth of my daughter Rosa that November and the reality that I would just moved home meant I didn’t get round to seeing my GP till Christmas Eve, a although right after the symptoms appeared.


Pretty much correct away my GP said: “It sounds like diabetes to me”. He took some blood, put it into a machine and it showed that my blood glucose degree was way past what it should be. That confirmed that I had type two diabetes.


He said: “You’re going to the toilet a good deal as your kidneys are responding to large ranges of sugar in your blood and your body deals with that by urinating it out.” I stated, ‘Can I be cured? Can I get out of this?’ But he explained, ‘No, you have acquired it for life.”


He also explained that the principal problems of diabetes are heart failure, stroke, kidney failure, blindness and amputation of a decrease limb. I knew all that currently I would offered proof to the public accounts committee about diabetes a few months earlier, ironically. But to hear a medical professional saying this to me about me was sobering and quite scary.


It was particularly sobering simply because my father, who’d been a plasterer, died when he was 68 from emphysema and asthma. He spent his final years in a wheelchair. My grandfather, a labourer in a brass factory, also died in his 60s, of heart failure.


So I’d often assumed I would die early too that I would not make 70. My expectations had been for no longer than that. It might sound weird but I was very fatalistic about that. Unconsciously I wasn’t searching right after my well being simply because I believed which is what would happen.


My sons Liam and Paul from my 1st marriage are in their 20s. I would constantly assumed I’d see them develop up. But this diagnosis of diabetes truly produced me realise that I might not be there for my small girl, Rosa. The GP stated to me: “You have to think about the subsequent 20 years and managing your situation”.


I out of the blue considered, “Oh Lord”. I often knew having a child when you are older – I was 57 when she was born – meant there was the potential to not be close to for significantly of their daily life. But suddenly the time I may possibly have began to constrict in front of my eyes. I was not pondering: “I may well only be close to right up until Rosa’s 20,” simply because, from what the GP explained about my life style and the blood sugar levels I had, the possibilities were that it would be significantly less than twenty many years.


When Liam and Paul have been younger I was generating my way in the globe and I have regretted that I didn’t invest much more time with them. So I was seeking forward to seeing much more of Rosa and currently being concerned in her expanding up – becoming a father once more was wonderful – but all of a sudden I realised I would not have significantly time at all. The notion that I wouldn’t even see her go to secondary college manufactured me think: “What on earth am I carrying out right here? How have I received myself into this spot?” That was all fairly bleak.


My GP didn’t say it like this, but it felt like he was saying “it really is your personal fault”, due to the fact it’s a life-style-relevant ailment. It felt like he was saying: “The way you eat, your lack of exercising – individuals things are producing this diabetes for you”.


That’s fairly challenging to hear: the diagnosis, then the issues, and then “by the way it’s your fault”. But in reality, it was definitely, entirely my fault.


I had lost management of my overall health and my life style. I had essentially abdicated responsibility for my personal overall health and allowed it to get out of control, even however I was the chief executive of the NHS. The irony of that was large, I know, not least since I utilised to stand on stage regularly and speak about wellness and healthcare. In all that time only one particular particular person pointed out to me the dissonance in between what I was saying and what they noticed on stage. The way I dealt with that dissonance was to say to myself: “Yeah but I am healthful, I’m fine, I am not off sick, I’m robust.”


But I was deluding myself totally deluding myself. That’s why they contact diabetes the silent killer. You can reside with it for a lot of years and not know you have got it since you will not truly feel sick all the time, but all these alterations to your body are going on. It does not involve discomfort, or growths, or chemotherapy or something like that, but kills people, just like cancer. It’s just not evident to men and women that you’ve got it. In reality there are three instances as several diabetics as men and women with cancer.


For years my life style was fully and utterly unhealthy. My jobs in the NHS meant I was away from residence a good deal 3, four or even 5 nights a week. Each morning in the hotel I’d have bacon, egg, sausage, tomato and fries for breakfast, then there’d be a dinner most nights. I was at railway stations and motorway service stations a good deal and would buy a triple-decker sandwich, muffin and bag of crisps – immediate gratification, truly. I would always worked hard but following I separated from my very first wife in 2001 I became obsessed with function, worked 24/7 and was never off-duty. My own overall health was the final issue on my thoughts, especially when I was single, till Sarah-Jane and I moved in with each other in 2009.


I did not feel about the implications right up until I began growing out of all my clothing. Thank heaven for Marks and Spencer’s elasticated waist trousers. They enable huge self-deception and are a excellent boon to any person who’s placing on weight. I bought them with a 38 or 40-inch waist, but they expanded, so I could kid myself that my excess weight was not as gross as it was, but really it was. When I noticed the GP that Christmas Eve I weighed 111 kilogrammes – 17 stone and six lbs. Hunting back, I had been in denial. I couldn’t really see how that could have happened, because in my personal thoughts I was considerably lighter than that. So that was really a shock, how large I’d become. But it had happened over time. I would not perceived any change. And I would never, ever weighed myself. Although I’m quite reflective about things I do, I was in no way really reflective about what I looked like.


When the GP said: “You’ve received diabetes”, I appreciated right away how serious and life-altering that was. When I was the NHS chief executive folks utilized to say that I famously had “grip”, that I knew what was going on and was in charge certainly that was element of people’s criticism of me. So I realised I had to get a grip on my life style and resolved to take manage of my well being. I knew that if I actually, genuinely organised myself I could do it.


The GP needed to give me a glucose-reducing drug. When I mentioned no, I want to do it by diet regime and exercise, he was sceptical. Offered my background he didn’t actually believe I could do it that way. But that is what I made a decision, to consider to take back management without using medicines. I keep in mind my dad usually had a large bag of pills with him all the time in the final handful of many years of his life, when his emphysema took in excess of his lifestyle and meant he could not even get up the stairs, and I connected tablets with that. There was no stage resolving to go to the fitness center three occasions a week, as my extremely active daily life wouldn’t permit that. So I commenced taking a vigorous half an hour’s physical exercise every day, which the expert diabetes nurse advised as something that could support a good deal. My personnel started out reserving me into hotels that were at least half an hour’s stroll from wherever it was I had to be, so I could walk there.


The dietary side was far more challenging due to the fact my capability to delude myself on this is very great. In quick I fully overhauled my diet program. I started to realize about and use low-GI meals, such as basmati rice and wholegrain bread, and also have brown bread, brown rice and brown pasta as an alternative of their white equivalents. That made a enormous distinction to my glucose amounts. Some diabetics get a small machine and a set of strips which you use when you do a tiny blood check on your self four occasions a day, to verify your glucose amounts. You seem at your score and you fill it in a book so you can see the trajectory of it.


I was often keen on numbers and targets in my NHS work, as performance managements tools, so I used the targets for what my glucose amounts must be as a motivational instrument. When you do your blood test before a meal the number need to be under 7, but if you do it two hours after you’ve eaten it requirements to be below 10, since it goes up when you consume and then goes down yet again. So I saw the impact that consuming specific items at particular times had on my numbers.


I have reduce out nearly all sauces. I have discovered portion management is essential. For illustration, I now measure out the amount of pasta I should be consuming, which turns out to be about a quarter of the volume I utilised to eat. Previously if Sarah-Jane hadn’t completed her food I’d consume that also. I’ve stopped that. I am far more demanding in restaurants. I say: “Never put chips on the plate., as that is temptation, or “no butter, just plain as it is”.


I now eat grilled fish and do not eat as well much bread. I do not have starters and consume nothing at all in between meals except maybe a small bag of tomatoes, chopped peppers or cucumbers. One particular of the motives I determined to inform folks I had diabetes was that if you are out consuming with individuals and somebody says “have the chips”, if you say you happen to be making an attempt to get rid of excess weight they say “oh go on have them anyway”, whereas if I say “I have diabetes” they don’t. In a unusual way men and women are a lot a lot more supportive of you if they feel you’ve acquired a disease you are tackling rather than dieting.


You see the exact same point when individuals say “have an additional pint”. I was brought up from the age of 14 to think that on Friday night it truly is eight pints of bitter, and did that by means of my 40s and into my 50s. Each Friday evening I’d go out and have 7 or eight pints. But I’ve now minimize out beer altogether. Previously I would have an alcoholic drink of some kind 3 nights out of four. Now I have two tiny glasses of red wine twice a week. So I’ve undergone a dramatic revolution in my way of life. I have lost about 3 stone and am carrying out my ideal to hold my fat down.


Regardless of that I am now one of about three.2m folks in the Uk who have been diagnosed with diabetes. Some 225,000 a lot more are diagnosed every 12 months. Another 600,000 or so with variety two are nevertheless undiagnosed, so the actual total is about 3.8m. 90% of diabetics have sort 2, which is linked with way of life and obesity, whereas variety one is an autoimmune situation.


I don’t go along with the see that diabetes is going to “overwhelm” the NHS, because that suggests it truly is like a tsunami – some thing you can’t do anything at all about. But it does currently price the NHS about £10bn, about 10% of the price range. Diabetes United kingdom say it will be 17% of the price range inside of a generation.


When I visited a hospital in Birmingham a few months in the past I found 28% of the inpatients had diabetes. Expert diabetes medical professionals say which is fairly standard. It is obviously a enormous and increasing burden on the NHS.


So diabetes is a terrifying phenomenon as properly as a horrible illness. It is incurable and existence-limiting. It is also actually fairly easy to get, as I discovered. As a country we need to have a wake-up phone about diabetes. But it is also one thing we can and must do much much more to avoid and aid individuals deal with it greater when they get it. If we can tackle diabetes we will minimize the amount of heart attacks and strokes related to diabetes, which is concerned in about 24,000 early deaths a 12 months in England and Wales, and also lessen the 6,000 reduce limb amputations that happen each 12 months, about 80% of which are preventable. It’s the complications of diabetes rather than the diabetes itself that kills folks.


To prevent it and control it entire households need to have to modify the way they consume and reside. We want to advertise wholesome living and make that simpler. We require simpler access to major care to assist ensure earlier diagnosis. Significantly more money ought to go into the Specialist Patient Programme, which helps men and women manage their condition. I located that very helpful. Better use of education, engineering and social psychology would aid, as well.


But men and women also require to consider handle of their personal health, as I’ve now completed, irrespective of regardless of whether they are diabetic or not. It is achievable to change, however which is seldom straightforward. Partners are important, as well. If the husband or wife of somebody with diabetes says: “I’m going to preserve on eating chips and cake and pie and you can sit opposite me with a lettuce leaf”, that’s not going to perform. It’s very good for partners too when these sorts of adjustments take place. I’m now our household shopper. We all only eat what I acquire. My wife’s found brown bread and has misplaced excess weight also and is satisfied about that.


I am now much far more confident about seeing Rosa expand up. I feel I have done every little thing I can to make sure that our partnership goes on as lengthy as feasible. I hope that by managing my diabetes as greatest I can I am extending my life. I genuinely want to be about for as extended as I can.”



Diabetes and me: how silent killer caught up with NHS chief

31 Ocak 2014 Cuma

Expertise: I caught the plague from my cat

It started with Charlie going missing. He was a beautiful, smoky-grey, brief-haired cat and he’d been gone for a couple of days. He could have gone anyplace: we live in a quite rural location, at the foot of the Cascade mountains, twelve miles from the town of Prineville, Oregon.


It was a Saturday night when Charlie showed up on the porch, but anything was wrong: he couldn’t walk, his face was swollen and he seemed to be choking on anything. When I looked, it was a mouse caught in his mouth. When I attempted to pull it out, Charlie accidentally bit my finger, then ran underneath the porch. When he came out the up coming day, he was plainly suffering. It was as if the mouse had died in his mouth and was rotting, and I was concerned about bacteria. I referred to as a buddy above to place him down, then we buried him.


On the Monday I went to my work as typical, as a welder, but by mid-morning I started to feel very sick. It came on all of a sudden and I developed a high fever. At the emergency care clinic, they gave me a dose of antibiotics for cat-scratch fever. I swiftly produced flu-like signs and symptoms. I turned grey and my skin hurt. A number of days later on I was delirious and my wife took me back to the clinic. I was taken by ambulance to the nearest hospital and place in intensive care.


That evening a medical professional informed me he thought I had designed bubonic plague: I had glands underneath my arms the dimension of lemons and that is one particular of the symptoms. I knew rodents could carry the condition, but I didn’t realise I could get it from my cat. I was told it initially came in excess of on steamships from China in the 1900s, carried by the fleas on rats.


At 6am the subsequent morning, I was put on a ventilator and taken by ambulance to another hospital. The last point I keep in mind is riding in that ambulance. I went downhill swiftly and was put on total life assistance. Hooked up to a dialysis machine, I had collapsed lungs and at one stage my heart stopped.


I was in a coma for 27 days, throughout which my hands and feet swelled up and began to turn black. When I last but not least woke up, I just bear in mind feeling incredibly thirsty. My medical doctor informed me I had created all 3 stages of the plague: bubonic (the least lethal kind, which infects the lymphatic program), pneumonic (which infects the lungs) and septicaemic (the bloodstream). Some individuals have survived bubonic plague, but not all 3, apparently. Technically, I should not be right here.


The doctor said I’d possibly shed my feet and hands, but all I could think about was how thirsty I was. They didn’t allow me drink anything for days because I had a tracheotomy and was becoming fed intravenously.


Sooner or later I understood the seriousness of what had occurred: the day prior to I woke up from my coma, physicians had been speaking about turning off my daily life help. My recovery shocked everybody. I’d been informed I’d be on dialysis for the rest of my lifestyle, but I had one particular treatment and I recovered. Almost everything in my body did, except my hands and feet.


Soon after a month in hospital, I went residence. I had to reside for 6 weeks with the dead fingers and toes, so medical doctors could perform out which components had been going to heal ahead of they carried out the amputations. They needed to get off my hands and feet at the wrists and ankles, but I didn’t want that. As an alternative, they eliminated my fingers I nevertheless have my hands and element of my thumbs. They took off all the toes on my left foot, and about a third of my correct foot is gone.


The Centres for Ailment Control and the health division came to look all close to the residence, but they found no dead rodents and no indicator of the plague. They dug up the cat and sent his body off to a lab in North Carolina. He was contaminated with it, but it really is hard to say exactly where he picked it up. The ailment is carried by a specified type of flea that lives on burrowing rodents such as mice and squirrels. A cat can cover a great deal of ground in two days.


It truly is hard to believe it occurred to me, but rather than really feel depressed, I’ve always felt positive and content to be alive. I was operating 15 hrs a day until finally I got sick. After my sickness, I retired, but I’m nevertheless ready to make hunting knives in my workshop as a hobby. I feel it is just a fluke that I caught this. Now I hope to make people aware of the sickness. If you know the signs and what to search for, you stand a much far better likelihood of surviving.


• As informed to Alex Hannaford


Do you have an knowledge to share? Email experience@theguardian.com



Expertise: I caught the plague from my cat